Tratamiento endoscópico del esófago de Barrett con displasia de bajo y alto grado / Endoscopic treatment of Barrett's esophagus with low- and high-grade dysplasia

RESUMEN Introducción: El esófago de Barrett es una condición esofágica adquirida, que puede evolucionar a un adenocarcinoma. Con el paso de los años, la terapia endoscópica ha remplazado la cirugía en el tratamiento de esta afección. Objetivos: Mostrar los resultados de la aplicación de la técnica de resección endoscópica de la mucosa y la ablación con Hibrid-APC en pacientes portadores de esófago de Barrett con displasia de bajo o alto grado. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo en 29 pacientes entre los años 2014-2019, en el Servicio de endoscopias del Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso. Se estudiaron variables sociodemográficas, se estableció la clasificación endoscópica del esófago de Barrett, se describieron las características de la lesión, el diagnóstico histológico, la terapéutica endoscópica, la presencia de complicaciones, la resección incompleta y recidiva. Se aplicaron técnicas de estadística descriptiva y métodos no paramétricos. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (58,62 %) y el grupo de 41-60 años (58,62 %). El segmento corto con lesiones planas y el largo con lesiones elevadas fueron más frecuentes (37,93 %). Se realizaron 15 resecciones y 14 ablaciones con Hibrid-APC; se observó una estenosis como complicación de la resección endoscópica de la mucosa y recidivas con ambas técnicas (5 pacientes, 17 %), tres relacionadas con la resección y dos con el Hibrid-APC. El Hibrid-APC alcanzó una efectividad terapéutica del 85,71 % y la resección del 80 %. Conclusiones: El tratamiento endoscópico con displasia de bajo y alto grado, mostró ser un procedimiento efectivo y seguro, con bajo porciento de complicaciones y recidivas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Barrett's esophagus is an acquired esophageal condition that can evolve into an adenocarcinoma. Over the years, endoscopic therapy has replaced surgery in the treatment of this condition. Objectives: to show the results of the application of the endoscopic mucosal resection and Hybrid-APC ablation technique in patients with Barrett's esophagus with low-grade or high-grade dysplasia. Methods: a descriptive and retrospective study was carried out in 29 patients between 2014 and 2019, in the Endoscopy service of the National Center for Minimal Access Surgery. Social and demographic variables were studied; endoscopic classification of Barrett's esophagus was established, as well as the characteristics of the lesion, histological diagnosis, endoscopic therapy, the presence of complications, incomplete resection and recurrence were described. Descriptive statistics techniques and non-parametric methods were applied. Results: male gender (58.62%) and the group aged 41-60 years (58.62%) predominated. The short segment with flat lesions and the long segment with raised lesions were more frequent (37.93%). A number of 15 resections and 14 ablations were performed with Hybrid-APC; one stricture was observed as a complication of endoscopic mucosal resection and recurrences with both techniques (5 patients, 17%), three related to resection and two to Hybrid-APC. The Hybrid-APC achieved a therapeutic effectiveness of 85.71% and the resection one of 80%. Conclusions: endoscopic treatment with low- and high-grade dysplasia proved to be an effective and safe procedure, with a low percentage of complications and recurrences.

Esôfago de Barrett: o estado da arte / Barrett's Esophagus: the state of the art

Objetivo: Demonstrar fatores envolvidos nos distúrbios do sono em profissionais que fazem plantões. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal, cuja amostra foi composta de 244 voluntários, plantonistas da área da saúde, sendo 191 do sexo feminino, que responderam a um questionário socioeconômico, associado à aplicação da Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e ao Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh. Os dados foram analisados pelos coeficientes de Spearman e de Kendall Tau, com distribuição de probabilidade gama. Resultados: Houve significância (p<0,05) com o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh e a atividade física (+0,216), ergonomia (+0,148), filhos (-0,146), valor da remuneração (+0,112) e disfunção durante o dia (+0,352). Também houve significância com a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e atividade física (+0,138), renda familiar (-0,118), trabalho semanal (-0,151), latência do sono (-0,106), duração do sono (-0,107), eficiência do sono (-0,139) e disfunção durante o dia (+0,170). Por fim, a eficiência do sono teve significiância com profissão (-0,209), tabagismo (+0,402), Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (-0,139) e dissonias com a obesidade (índice de massa corporal >30; razão de chance de 1,40; intervalo de confiança de 95% de 1,02-1,94). Conclusão: As medidas autorrelatadas são prontamente obtidas com questionários validados, como a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh, encontrando-se correlações com renda familiar, ter ou não filhos, índice de massa corporal, atividade física, ergonomia, condições de trabalho, tabagismo e componentes biopsicossociais. Em virtude do caráter transversal deste estudo é indispensável mais estudos com maior follow-up

Objective: To demonstrate factors involved in sleep disorders in professionals who take shifts. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study whose sample consists of 244 volunteers, on-duty health workers, 191 females, who answered a socioeconomic questionnaire, associated with application of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Data were analyzed with Spearman's and Kendall Tau coefficients, and gamma probability distribution. Results: There was significance (p<0,05) with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and physical activity (+0,216), ergonomics (+0,148), children (-0,146), the wage (+0,112), dysfunction during the day (+0,352). Also there was significance with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and physical activity (+0,138), family income (-0,118), weekly workload (-0,151), sleep latency (-0,106), sleep duration (-0,107), sleep efficiency (-0,139), and dysfunction during the day (+0,170). Finally, sleep efficiency was significant with occupation (-0,209), smoking habits (+0,402), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (-0,139), dyssomnia with obesity (body index mass >30; OR of 1,40; CI 95% 1,02-1,94). Conclusion: Self-reported measures are readily obtained with validated questionnaires such as Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, with correlations with family income, having children or not, body mass index, physical activity, ergonomics, working conditions, smoking habits, and biopsychosocial components. Due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, further research with longer follow-up is indispensable

Does the nissen fundoplication procedure improve esophageal dysmotility in patients with barrett's esophagus? / A fundoplicatura a nissen melhora a dismotilidade esofágica em pacientes com esôfago de barrett?

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate esophageal dysmotility (ED) and the extent of Barrett's esophagus (BE) before and after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF) in patients previously diagnosed with BE and ED. Methods: twenty-two patients with BE diagnosed by upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy with biopsies and ED diagnosed by conventional esophageal manometry (CEM) were submitted to a LNF, and followed up with clinical evaluations, upper GI endoscopy with biopsies and CEM, for a minimum of 12 months after the surgical procedure. Results : sixteen patients were male (72.7%) and six were females (27.3%). The mean age was 55.14 (± 15.52) years old. and the mean postoperative follow-up was 26.2 months. The upper GI endoscopy showed that the mean length of BE was 4.09 cm preoperatively and 3.91cm postoperatively (p=0.042). The evaluation of esophageal dysmotility through conventional manometry showed that: the preoperative median of the lower esophageal sphincter resting pressure (LESRP) was 9.15 mmHg and 13.2 mmHg postoperatively (p=0.006). The preoperative median of the esophageal contraction amplitude was 47.85 mmHg, and 57.50 mmHg postoperatively (p=0.408). Preoperative evaluation of esophageal peristalsis showed that 13.6% of the sample presented diffuse esophageal spasm and 9.1% ineffective esophageal motility. In the postoperative, 4.5% of patients had diffuse esophageal spasm, 13.6% of aperistalsis and 22.7% of ineffective motor activity (p=0.133). Conclusion: LNF decreased the BE extension, increased the LES resting pressure, and increased the amplitude of the distal esophageal contraction; however, it was unable to improve ED.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a dismotilidade esofágica (DE) e a extensão do esôfago de Barrett (EB) antes e depois da fundoplicatura laparoscópica a Nissen (FLN) em pacientes previamente diagnosticados com EB e DE. Método: vinte e dois pacientes com EB diagnosticada por endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) com biópsias e DE diagnosticada por manometria esofágica convencional (MEC) foram submetidos a FLN, e acompanhados por avaliações clínicas, endoscopia digestiva alta com biópsias e MEC, por no mínimo 12 meses após o procedimento cirúrgico. Resultados: dezesseis pacientes eram do sexo masculino (72,7%) e seis do feminino (27,3%). A média de idade foi de 55,14 (± 15,52) anos e o seguimento pós-operatório médio foi de 26,2 meses. A endoscopia digestiva alta mostrou que o comprimento médio do EB foi de 4,09 cm no pré-operatório e 3,91 cm no pós-operatório (p = 0,042). A avaliação da dismotilidade esofágica por meio da manometria convencional mostrou que a mediana pré-operatória da pressão de repouso do esfíncter esofágico inferior (PREEI) foi de 9,15 mmHg, e de 13,2 mmHg no pós-operatório (p = 0,006). A mediana pré-operatória da amplitude de contração esofágica foi de 47,85 mmHg, e de 57,50 mmHg no pós-operatório (p = 0,408). A avaliação pré-operatória do peristaltismo esofágico mostrou que 13,6% da amostra apresentava espasmo esofágico difuso e 9,1%, motilidade esofágica ineficaz. No pós-operatório, 4,5% dos pacientes apresentaram espasmo esofágico difuso, 13,6% de aperistalse e 22,7% de atividade motora ineficaz (p = 0,133). Conclusões: a FLN diminuiu a extensão do EB, aumentou a pressão de repouso do EEI e aumentou a amplitude da contração esofágica distal; no entanto, não foi capaz de melhorar a DE.

Failure after fundoplication: re-fundoplication? is there a room for gastrectomy? in which clinical scenaries? / Falha após fundoplicatura: re-fundoplicatura? existe oportunidade para gastrectomia? em quais cenários clínicos?

ABSTRACT Background: Re-fundoplication is the most often procedure performed after failed fundoplication, but re-failure is even higher. Aim: The objectives are: a) to discuss the results of fundoplication and re-fundoplication in these cases, and b) to analyze in which clinical situation there is a room for gastrectomy after failed fundoplication. Method: This experience includes 104 patients submitted to re-fundoplication after failure of the initial operation, 50 cases of long segment Barrett´s esophagus and 60 patients with morbid obesity, comparing the postoperative outcome in terms of clinical, endoscopic, manometric and 24h pH monitoring results. Results: In patients with failure after initial fundoplication, redo-fundoplication shows the worst clinical results (symptoms, endoscopic esophagitis, manometry and 24 h pH monitoring). In patients with long segment Barrett´s esophagus, better results were observed after fundoplication plus Roux-en-Y distal gastrectomy and in obese patients similar results regarding symptoms, endoscopic esophagitis and 24h pH monitoring were observed after both fundoplication plus distal gastrectomy or laparoscopic resectional gastric bypass, while regarding manometry, normal LES pressure was observed only after fundoplication plus distal gastrectomy. Conclusion: Distal gastrectomy is recommended for patients with failure after initial fundoplication, patients with long segment Barrett´s esophagus and obese patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett´s esophagus. Despite its higher morbidity, this procedure represents an important addition to the surgical armamentarium.

RESUMO Racional: Re-fundoplicatura é o procedimento mais frequentemente realizado após falha na fundoplicatura, mas neste caso a falha é ainda maior. Objetivo: a) discutir os resultados da fundoplicatura e re-fundoplicatura nesses casos; e b) analisar em que situação clínica há espaço para gastrectomia após falha na fundoplicatura. Método: Esta experiência inclui 104 pacientes submetidos à re-fundoplicatura após falha da operação inicial, sendo 50 casos de esôfago de Barrett de segmento longo e 60 pacientes com obesidade mórbida, comparando-se o resultado pós-operatório em termos de pH clínico, endoscópico, manométrico de 24 h de monitoramento. Resultados: Em pacientes com falha após a fundoplicatura inicial, a re-fundoplicatura mostra os piores resultados clínicos (sintomas, esofagite endoscópica, manometria e pHmetria 24 h). Em pacientes com esôfago de Barrett de segmento longo, melhores resultados foram observados após fundoplicatura com gastrectomia distal em Y-de-Roux e em pacientes obesos resultados semelhantes em relação aos sintomas, esofagite endoscópica e monitoramento de pH 24 h foram observados após fundoplicatura com gastrectomia distal ou ressecção com bypass gástrico laparoscópico, enquanto que em relação à manometria, a pressão normal do EEI só foi observada após a fundoplicatura e gastrectomia distal. Conclusão: A gastrectomia distal é recomendada para pacientes com falha após a fundoplicatura inicial, pacientes com esôfago de Barrett de segmento longo e obesos com doença do refluxo gastroesofágico e esôfago de Barrett. Apesar de sua maior morbidade, esse procedimento representa um importante acréscimo ao arsenal cirúrgico.

Cirugía de supresión ácida y derivación duodenal laparoscópica vs abierta en esófago de Barrett extenso: resultados y complicaciones a corto y largo plazo / Laparoscopic versus open fundoplication with acid suppression/duodenal diversion technique for long segment Barrettís esophagus

Resumen Introducción: En pacientes con esófago de Barrett largo hemos sugerido efectuar fundoplicatura con antrectomía, vagotomía y derivación duodenal en Y de Roux que podría asociarse con complicaciones y efectos colaterales. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la cirugía por vía abierta vs laparoscópica en cuanto a complicaciones postoperatorias precoces y alejadas, mortalidad y resultados alejados. Material y método: Se comparan 2 cohortes de pacientes, 73 pacientes con cirugía abierta y 53 pacientes operados con la misma técnica por vía laparoscópica por el mismo equipo. Solo se incluyeron los pacientes con Barret largo. Se controlan clínicamente en el postoperatorio inmediato y alejado, con endoscopia e histología anual, y se evalúan los resultados en cuanto a complicaciones precoces, alejadas y se analiza la calidad de vida y la satisfacción del paciente. Para el análisis se utilizó «t¼ de Student considerando un valor de p < 0,05 como significativo. Resultados: En cuanto a complicaciones precoces en ambos grupos no hubo diferencias significativas. No hubo mortalidad postoperatoria. En las complicaciones tardías las complicaciones totales no son significativamente diferentes entre ambos grupos (solo cambian sus causas y características) ni en cuanto a la clasificación de Visick y el puntaje de calidad de vida. Conclusión: La fundoplicatura con procedimiento de supresión ácida y derivación biliar por vía laparoscópica presenta similares resultados a corto y largo plazo que la cirugía abierta, pero con los beneficios de una cirugía mínimamente invasiva.

Abstract Introduction: In patients with long Barrett esophagus we have suggested to perform fundoplication with antrectomy, vagotomy and Roux-en-Y duodenal diversion however it could be associated with complications and side effects. Objective: The objective of this study is to compare open versus laparoscopic surgery for early and early postoperative complications, mortality and distant outcomes. Material and method: We compare 2 cohorts of patients, 73 patients with open surgery and 53 patients, who underwent laparoscopic surgery using the same technique. Only patients with Long Barrett were included. They are clinically monitored in the early and late postoperative period, with endoscopy and histology at long term follow-up (3-5 years). The results were evaluated in terms of early and late complications, the quality of life and patient satisfaction were analyzed. For the analysis we used t-student considering a P < .05 as significant. Results: As for early complications, there were no significant differences in both groups. There was no postoperative mortality. In the late complications, the total complications are not significantly different between the two groups (only their causes and characteristics changed) neither in terms of Visick's classification and the quality of life score Conclusion: The fundoplication, with laparoscopic acid suppression and duodenal diversion, presents similar short-term and long-term results than open surgery, with the benefits of a mini-invasive procedure.

Displasia de alto grado en esófago de Barrett: ¿ablación, mucosectomía o cirugía? / High-grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus: ablation, mucosectomy or surgery?

Barrett's esophagus has a risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma and it increases when dysplasia is present. For this reason, its diagnosis requires endoscopic surveillance or eradication if dysplasia or cancer appears. In the past, high-grade dysplasia and intramucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma were routinely treated with esophagectomy, but with considerable morbidity and mortality. This has led to the development of new alternatives as less invasive endoscopic treatments for both dysplastic lesion and total eradication of the remaining metaplastic mucosa. The most commonly used treatment options include cryotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, endoscopic resection (mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection) or a combination of these (multimodal endoscopic eradication). For patients with low-grade dysplasia still some international guides suggest keeping endoscopic follow up; however, considering the good results of endoscopic ablation and new evidence about the course of this disease, this concept has changed towards the therapeutic approach. For Barrett´s esophagus without any complication, endoscopic therapy is not recommended, but endoscopic surveillance. In this article we will review the endoscopic therapeutic alternatives to Barrett's esophagus, its scientific basis and how they have evolved in recent times.

El Esófago de Barrett es una lesión adquirida que tiene riesgo de desarrollar adenocarcinoma esofágico. Su presencia obliga, por lo tanto, a la vigilancia endoscópica y erradicación cuando aparece displasia sobre este epitelio, pues aumenta la probabilidad de progresar a cáncer. Antes de la aparición de la terapia endoscópica estos casos con displasia de alto grado y adenocarcinoma esofágico independiente de su estadío, eran sometidos a una esofagectomía. Sin embargo, esta intervención se asocia a una morbimortalidad importante. De esta manera, los avances en la cirugía endoscópica también han sido traspasados al manejo del Esófago de Barrett con displasia o cáncer intramucoso, que incluyen en estos casos la erradicación del epitelio columnar en su totalidad. Las alternativas terapéuticas más utilizadas son la crioterapia, ablación por radiofrecuencia, resección endoscópica (mucosectomía o disección submucosa endoscópica) o una combinación de éstas (erradicación endoscópica multimodal). Para pacientes portadores de Barrett con displasia de bajo grado, la recomendación de la mayoría de las guías internacionales sigue siendo la vigilancia endoscópica. Sin embargo, dado los buenos resultados de la ablación endoscópica y nuevas evidencias respecto al curso de esta patología, este concepto ha ido cambiando hacia tomar una conducta terapéutica. En caso de ausencia de displasia no se recomienda la terapia endoscópica de regla sino la vigilancia endoscópica. En el presente artículo revisaremos las alternativas terapéuticas endoscópicas frente al esófago de Barrett, su sustento científico y cómo han evolucionado en el último tiempo.

Seguimiento endoscópico e histológico post ablación con argón plasma del esófago de Barrett extenso en pacientes sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico previo / Argon plasma ablation of extensive Barrett esophagus: experience in 19 patients

Background: Endoscopic argon plasma ablation of Barrett esophagus decreases the risk of future esophageal cancer development. Aim: To assess the endoscopic regression of columnar epithelium and the presence of intestinal metaplasia among patients operated for Barrett esophagus and subjected to argon plasma ablation. Patients and Methods: In 19 patients with extensive Barrett esophagus subjected to a Nissen fundoplication, Barrett esophagus was endoscopically ablated with argon plasma. Patients were assessed 6 and 12 months after surgery to evaluate the regression of columnar epithelium and the presence of intestinal metaplasia. Results: One, two and three ablation sessions were carried out in 10, three and six patients, respectively. Three patients had complications. The initial length of columnar epithelium segment was 52 +/- 15.6 mm and decreased to 22.6 +/- 10.6 mm (p < 0.05). In 12 patients, there was absence of intestinal metaplasia on follow up, in six it persisted (one of them with "buried cells") and in one patient, dysplasia appeared. Conclusions: Endoscopic argon plasma ablation may have a complementary therapeutic role for the regression of columnar epithelium in Barrett esophagus.

Introducción: Pacientes con esófago de Barrett extenso presentan un riesgo de cáncer. De allí surge la posibilidad de someter a estos pacientes a ablación con argón plasma por vía endoscópica para disminuir este riesgo de desarrollar un adenocarcinoma. Objetivo: Evaluar la regresión endoscópica del epitelio columnar y la presencia de metaplasia intestinal en pacientes operados por esófago de Barrett y sometidos a ablación con argón plasma. Material y Método: Se incluyen 19 pacientes en este estudio, todos ellos con esófago de Barrett extenso confirmado por endoscopia e histología, los cuales se someten a ablación con argón plasma por vía endoscópica. Estos pacientes se controlaron con endoscopia e histológicamente a los 6 meses y al año de operados para evaluar la regresión del área con epitelio columnar y precisar la presencia histológica de metaplasia intestinal. Resultados: En 10 pacientes se efectuó 1 sesión de ablación, en 3 pacientes 2 sesiones y en 6 pacientes se efectuó 3 sesiones de ablación. Tres pacientes presentaron complicaciones. El largo de las lengüetas de epitelio columnar inicial fue de 52 +/- 15,6 mm el cual disminuyó a 22,6 +/- 10,6 mm (p < 0,05). El seguimiento histológico reveló ausencia de metaplasia intestinal en 12 pacientes (63,1 por ciento) persistencia de metaplasia en 6 pacientes (1 de ellos con células en submucosa, "buried cells") y un paciente con aparición de displasia. Conclusión: La ablación con argón plasma puede tener un rol en el tratamiento complementario a la cirugía para mejorar la regresión del epitelio columnar y disminuir los riesgos de presentar un adenocarcinoma de Barrett.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of endoscopic ablative treatment of Barrett’s esophagus / Revisión sistemática y meta-análisis del tratamiento ablativo endoscópico del esófago de Barrett

Background: Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is the main risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Its therapeutic approach is controversial and surgical treatment in the presence of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia may be indicated. Endoscopic approach is an alternative with lower mortality and morbidity rates and favorable results. Objective: To define the best option, according to literature, to treat Barrett’s Esophagus. Materials and methods: Design: Systematic review of PUBMED, EMBASE, LILACS, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted and articles of randomized, controlled studies on BE endoscopic ablative treatment were selected. The systematic review through PUBMED retrieved results with higher evidence level and available recommendation grade regarding BE ablative therapy. Nine articles on randomized, controlled studies classified as A or B according to the Oxford table were selected. Cryotherapy, laser, photodynamic therapy (PDT), multipolar electrocoagulation (MPEC), and ablation through argon plasma coagulation (APC) and radiofrequency were considered ablation therapies. Patients: 649 patients from 10 different studies were analysed. Results: PDT was found to present an increase in treatment failure compared with APC, NNH = -7. BE ablation through MPEC or APC was found to have similar risk for treatment failure in meta-analysis. PDT associated with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is beneficial for BE ablation regarding PPI use alone, NNT = 2. Radiofrequency with PPI is an efficient method to reduce risk of treatment failure, NNT = 1. Conclusions: There are no studies demonstrating the benefit of indicating cryotherapy or laser therapy for BE endoscopic approach. APC ablation was found to have superior efficacy compared with PDT and ablation through APC and MPEC was found to present effective, similar results. Radiofrequency is the most recent approach requiring comparative studies for indication.

Introducción: El esófago e Barrett (BE) es un factor de riesgo importante para adenocarcinoma de esófago.Su manejo terapéutico es controversial y el tratamiento quirúrgico en la presencia de neoplasia intraepitelial de alto grado puede estar indicado. El manejo endoscópico es una alternative con menores tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad y con resultados favorables. Objetivo: Definir la major opción de tratamiento del esófago de Barrett de acuerdo a la literatura. Materiales y métodos: Diseño: Se realize una revisión sistemática de PUBMED, EMBASE, LILACS yla librería Cochrane y los artículos randomizados, controlados en ablación endoscópica de BE fueron seleccionados. Esta revisión de PUBMED mostró resultados de una evidencia muy alta y recomendación alta para el uso de terapia ablativa. Nueve artículos de studios randomizados y controlados fueron catalogados grado A o B de aacuerdo a la table de Oxford y fueron seleccionados.Fueron consideradas como terapia ablativa, la crioterapia, laser,terapia fotodinámica (PDT),electrocoagulación multipolar (MPEC) ,ablación con coagulación por argón plasma (APC) y radiofrecuencia. Pacientes: 649 pacientes de 10 estudios diferentes fueron analizados. Resultados: El PDT se halló que tenía mas fallas que el APC , NNH=-7. La ablación del esófago de barrett por MPEC o APC tuvieron el mismo riesgo de fracaso terapéutico en los meta-análisis.La PDT asociado al uso de Inhibidores de bomba de protones (PPI) es beneficiosa versus el uso de, los PPI solos, NNT=2. La radiofrecuencia con PPI es un método eficiente para reducer el riesgo de fracas terapéutico, NNT=1. Conclusiones: No hay studios que demuestren el beneficio de la crioterapia o la terapia con laser para el esófago de Barrett, se encontró que tiene una eficacia superior comparada con el PDT y la ablación por APC y MPEC tenían resultados efectivos y similares.La radiofrecuencia es el manejo más reciente y requiere estudios comparativos para su indicación.

Resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de la patología esofágica benigna con cirugía mínimamente invasiva: experiencia en 483 pacientes / Minimally invasive surgery for benign esophageal diseases: experience in 483 patients

Background: Minimally invasive surgical techniques are increasingly used for the treatment of benign esophageal diseases. Aim: To report the results of minimally invasive surgical techniques among patients with benign esophageal diseases. Material and Methods: Four hundred eighty three patients aged 37 to 81 years (184 males), were studied. Of these, 278 had a Barret esophagus, 125 had a hiatal hernia, 75 had achalasia and five had esophageal diverticula. All patients were studied using standard protocols, operated using minimally invasive techniques and followed, registering postoperative complications and recurrence of symptoms. Results: Among patients with esophageal reflux, 85 percent had successful results on the long term. Among patients with hiatal hernia and subjected to laparoscopic surgery, 12 percent had complications and 12 percent had recurrence of symptoms which increased to 17 percent if a mesh was not used. The recurrence rate among patients with achalasia is less than 5 percent. There was no recurrence among patients with esophageal diverticula. Conclusions: Minimally invasive surgery for esophageal diseases has good success rates, with a lower incidence of complications than open surgery.

Introducción: En este artículo se presenta la experiencia de nuestro grupo de trabajo de los resultados obtenidos en el tratamiento quirúrgico con técnicas mínimamente invasivas en patología esofágica benigna. Material y Método: Se analizan los resultados en pacientes sometidos a cirugía antirreflujo por enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico, esófago de Barrett, tratamiento de las hernias hiatales, acalasia esofágica y diver-tículos esofágicos. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos por nuestro grupo son comparables a los que señala la literatura internacional, con mínima morbilidad y sin mortalidad. En pacientes con reflujo gastroesofágico, los resultados a largo plazo presentan una tasa de éxito en el 85 por ciento de los casos. En pacientes con hernia hiatal operados por vía laparoscópica las complicaciones son cercanas al 12 por ciento y la recurrencia es de un 12 por ciento en promedio, pero se eleva al 17 por ciento cuando no se usa malla. En Acalasia por otro lado, la tasa de recurrencia es menor a un 5 por ciento. Los pacientes operados por divertículos esofágicos no presentan recidiva. Conclusiones: Las técnicas de cirugía mínimamente invasiva diseñadas para el abordaje de los diversos tipos de patologías que afectan al esófago, resultan por lo general, altamente factibles de realizar por cuanto reproducen los resultados de la cirugía abierta pero con menor tasa de complicaciones.

Resultados de la esofaguectomía en 53 pacientes con adenocarcinoma del esófago y Barrett extenso / Results of esophagectomy among patients with esophageal cancer and Barrett esophagus

Background: The incidence of esophageal carcinoma has increased notoriously worldwide. Aim: To assess clinical features, immediate surgical results and long term survival of patients with esophageal carcinoma and Barrett esophagus. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of all patients operated for esophageal carcinoma, between 1996 y 2011. Results: The records of 53 patients aged 58 +/- 9 years (45 males) were analyzed. The number of operated patients increased from 7 in the period 1968-1983 to 31 in the period 2004-2011. Peritoneal metastases were found in two patients, precluding a resection. Video assisted trans-hiatal approach was the most commonly used technique followed by minimally invasive thoracoscopic and laparoscopic surgery. Transit reconstruction was performed ascending the stomach to the neck in 90 percent of patients. The average length of Barrett esophagus was 7.4 cm and the mean number of excised lymph nodes was 19. Ten patients had an incipient cancer and their five years survival was 80 percent. The survival of those with tumors involving the muscular layer and those with transmural cancer was 25 and 5 percent, respectively. Conclusions: There is an increase in the incidence of esophageal cancer in the last 10 years. The survival after surgery is highly dependent on the invasiveness of the tumor.

Introducción: El adenocarcinoma esofágico es el tumor que ha experimentado el mayor aumento en su incidencia a nivel mundial. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas, los resultados inmediatos de la cirugía empleada y la sobrevida a largo plazo. Material y Método: Es un estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo incluyendo a todos los pacientes con adenocarcinoma de esófago entre 1996 y 2011. Se analizó la morbi-mortalidad operatoria y la sobrevida a 5 años. Resultados: Se aprecia un aumento de 10 veces su frecuencia comparada con 40 años atrás. Hay un claro predominio del sexo masculino de 6:1. Dos pacientes no se pudieron resecar por la presencia de metástasis peritoneales. El abordaje principal fue una técnica transhiatal video asistida, seguida de abordaje mini-invasivo toracoscópico y laparoscópico. La reconstitución del tránsito gastrointestinal fue en un 90 por ciento con estómago ascendido hasta el cuello. La morbilidad más frecuente fue la fístula cervical y la mortalidad de 5,7 por ciento. El largo promedio del esófago de Barrett fue de 7,4 cm y el promedio de linfonodos resecados fue de 19. Hubo 10 pacientes con adenocarcinoma incipiente, cuya sobrevida a 5 años fue de 80 por ciento, muy superior al cáncer muscular con sobrevida 25 por ciento y al cáncer transmural con sobrevida de 5 por ciento (p < 0,01). Conclusiones: Se aprecia un enorme aumento del adenocarcinoma esofágico en los últimos 10 años. El abordaje actual que parece ser muy promisorio es la técnica mini-invasiva. La sobrevida a 5 años depende de la profundidad de la infiltración tumoral.

Rol de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva en la patología esofágica benigna: reporte de una serie de casos / Laparoscopic surgery for benign esophageal diseases

Background: Minimally invasive surgery has the advantage of a lower rate of complications and can be used for benign esophageal diseases. Aim: To report a single surgeon experience with laparoscopic surgery for benign esophageal diseases. Material and Methods: Prospective analysis of 421 patients (160 males) with benign esophageal disease, who were subjected to laparoscopic surgery by a single surgeon. Immediate mortality, surgical complications and long term results in terms of symptoms recurrence, were analyzed. Results: The underlying diagnoses of the operated patients were Barrett's esophagus or esophagitis in 257, hiatal hernia in 91, achalasia in 68 and esophageal diverticula in five. Surgery obtained successful results in 90% of patients with Barrett's esophagus. Among patients with hiatal hernia, there was a 12% rate of complications and a 30% recurrence, when a mesh was not used. Among patients with achalasia the recurrence rate was less than 5%. Conclusions: Laparoscopic surgery has a fair success rate in benign esophageal diseases, with a lower rate of complications.

Efectos del bypass gástrico en el esófago de Barrett de pacientes con obesidad mórbida / Effects of gastric bypass for morbid obesity on Barrett esophagus

Background: Besides the weight reducing effects of gastric bypass, it is also a good antireflux procedure since there is no acid production by the gastric pouch and there is no duodenal reflux due to the presence of a Roux en Y. Aim: To describe the effect of gastric bypass on Barrett esophagus among patients with morbid obesity. Material and Methods: Among 896 patients subjected to gastric bypass, 14 patient with a Barrett esophagus diagnosed with endoscopy and biopsy, were followed. A new endoscopy was performed one to 30 months after the surgical procedure. Results: Short (< = 30 mm) and long segment (> = 31 mm) Barrett esophagi were present in eight and six patients, respectively. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms relieved in 70 percent of these cases in a mean lapse of 6.5 months. There was regression from intestinal metaplasia to car-dial mucosa in six patients (75 percent) with short-segment, and in one patient (16 percent) with long-segment Barrett esophagus. Conclusions: Gastric bypass in patients with morbid obesity and Barrett esophagus is a very good antireflux operation. This was proved by the disappearance of symptoms in almost all patients and by the regression of the intestinal metaplasia which is time and length dependent.

Antecedentes: El bypass gástrico en obesos mórbidos, además de ser una alternativa de cirugía bariátrica, es un buen procedimiento antirreflujo dado que no hay producción de ácido en el reservorio gástrico y no existe reflujo duodenal debido a la Y de Roux. Objetivo: Describir el efecto que tiene el bypass gástrico sobre el esófago de Barrett (EB) de pacientes obesos mórbidos, además discutir nuevos mecanismos fisiopatológicos implicados. Población: De 896 obesos mórbidos operados mediante bypass gástrico resectivo abierto, se siguieron a los 14 pacientes diagnosticados con EB mediante endoscopia e histología. Resultados: De los 14 pacientes con diagnóstico de esófago de Barrett, ocho pacientes presentaban EB corto (< 30 mm) y seis EB largo (> 31 mm). Los síntomas de pirosis y/o regurgitación presentes se resolvieron en un 70 por ciento de los casos en una media de 6,5 meses. Hubo una regresión de la metaplasia intestinal a mucosa cardial normal en seis pacientes (75 por ciento) con EB corto y en un paciente (16 por ciento) con EB largo. Conclusiones: El bypass gástrico es una muy buena alternativa quirúrgica antirreflujo en obesos mórbidos con EB, demostrado por la desaparición de los síntomas en la mayoría de los pacientes y la regresión de la metaplasia intestinal en la mitad de ellos, dependiendo del tiempo y de la longitud. Lo anterior, postulamos, que no sería debido solamente a que no hay producción de ácido en el reservorio gástrico y a que no existe reflujo duodenal, sino que habrían otros mecanismos fisiopatológicos implicados.

Termocoagulação endoscópica do esôfago de Barrett com plasma de argônio sob diferentes potências: análise histopatológica e de sintomas pós-procedimento / Endoscopic argon plasm thermo-coagulation of Barrett's esophagus using different powers: histopathological and post procedure symptons analysis

Objetivo: Definir qual a melhor potência a ser empregada de forma a atingir a profundidade necessária para ablação com o menor número de sintomas pós-procedimento. Método: Foram estudados 28 pacientes com esôfago de Barrett, após tratamento cirúrgico do refluxo ou em uso de bloqueadores de bomba de prótons, submetidos à ablação endoscópica, randomizados em dois grupos com potências diferentes - 50 ou 70W. Imediatamente após, foram realizadas biópsias endoscópicas das áreas fulguradas. A sintomatologia foi avaliada por questionário telefônico. Resultados: Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto a idade, a extensão do esôfago de Barrett, a porcentagem da circunferência esofagiana coagulada e a duração dos sintomas. A dor foi o sintoma predominante e a disfagia ocorreu de forma transitória. Houve correlação negativa moderada entre número de sintomas e potência (potência mais baixa com maior número de sintomas), porém sem diferença significativa. Em 40% dos casos em que se utilizou menor potência obteve-se fragmentos que atingiram apenas a porção superficial da mucosa, o que só ocorreu em 10% dos casos no grupo de 70W. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre a potência utilizada ou o acometimento da muscular da mucosa e o número de sintomas. Conclusões: A utilização de potência de 70W durante a coagulação do esôfago de Barrett com plasma de argônio sugere associação com menor incidência de metaplasia colunar especializada residual abaixo do epitélio escamosoneoformado.

Objective: To establish the ideal power to be employed in order to get the effective ablation and the lowest rate of symptoms at argon plasma thermocoagulation in Barrett’s esophagus (BE). Methods: Twenty-eight asymptomatic patients with BE, wererandomly divided in two groups of different ablation powers, 50W or 70W. After endoscopic ablation and biopsies from the treated area for histological analyses, symptoms were evaluated through a questionnaire answered by phone. Results: Thirteen patients without specialized columnar metaplasia were excluded and the remaining fifteen patients, seven men (46,7%) and eight women (53,3%), with an average age of 53 years +10,4, composed the two groups: 10 patients at the 70W power and 5 at the 50W power group. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding age, BE extent, percentage of coagulated esophagealcircumference and the duration of symptoms. Pain was the most important symptom, with a mean duration of 10,3 + 9,7 days. When power was compared to symptoms, although not statistically significant, a moderate negative correlation was noted. Endoscopic biopsies showed ablation restricted to the mucosa’s superficial layer in 40% of the cases in the lower power group, andonly 10% in the higher power group, although deeper layers of the mucosa were compromised. There were no statistical significant differences when comparing the different powers to the penetration through the mucosa’s layers and the symptoms. Conclusion: There are evidences that the 70W potency argon plasma coagulation for BE leads to a lower incidence of residual specializedcolumnar metaplasia under the new scamous epithelium.

p53 and Ki-67 in Barrett's carcinoma: is there any value to predict recurrence after circumferential endoscopic mucosal resection? / p53 e Ki-67 no carcinoma do esôfago de Barrett: algum valor na predição da recurrência após mucosectomia endoscópica circunferencial?

BACKGROUND: There are situations in which the specimens obtained after endoscopic mucosal resection of superficial adenocarcinoma arising from Barrett's esophagus are not adequate for histopathological assessment of the margins. In these cases, immunohistochemistry might be an useful tool for predicting cancer recurrence. AIM: To evaluate the value of p53 and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry in predicting the cancer recurrence in patients with Barrett's esophagus-related cancer referred to circumferential endoscopic mucosal resection. METHODS: Mucosectomy specimens from 41 patients were analyzed. All endoscopic biopsies prior to endoscopic mucosal resection presented high-grade dysplasia and cancer was detected in 23 of them. Positive reactions were considered the intense coloration in the nuclei of at least 90 percent of the cells in each high-power magnification field, and immunostaining could be classified as superficial or diffuse according to the mucosal distribution of the stained nuclei. RESULTS: Endoscopic mucosal resection samples detected cancer in 21 cases. In these cases, p53 immunohistochemistry revealed a diffuse positivity for the great majority of these cancers (90.5 percent vs. 20 percent), and Ki-67 showed a diffuse pattern for all cases (100 percent vs. 30 percent); conversely, patients without cancer revealed a superficial or negative pattern for p53 (80 percent vs. 9.5 percent) and Ki-67 (70 percent vs. 0 percent). During a mean follow-up of 31.6 months, 5 (12.2 percent) patients developed six episodes of recurrent cancer. Endoscopic mucosal resection specimens did not show any significant difference in the p53 and Ki-67 expression for patients developing cancer after endoscopic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: p53 and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry were useful to confirm the cancer; however, they had not value for predicting the recurrent carcinoma after circumferential endoscopic mucosal resection of Barrett's carcinoma.

RACIONAL: Há situações nas quais o material obtido após mucosectomia endoscópica do adenocarcinoma superficial do esôfago de Barrett é inadequado para avaliação histopatológica de suas margens. Nesses casos, a imunoistoquímica poderia ser de auxílio para predição da recurrência tumoral. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor da detecção imunoistoquímica da p53 e do Ki-67 na predição da recurrência tumoral após mucosectomia endoscópica circunferencial do câncer no esôfago de Barrett. MÉTODOS: Foi analisado o material proveniente de mucosectomias de 41 pacientes. Todas as biopsias endoscópicas pré-mucosectomia apresentavam displasia de alto grau e câncer foi detectado em 23 casos. A imunorreatividade foi definida pela coloração de, pelo menos, 90 por cento dos núcleos em cada campo de grande aumento, podendo ser classificada como superficial ou difusa, conforme a distribuição celular dos núcleos corados. RESULTADOS: A mucosectomia detectou o câncer em 21 casos. Nesses casos, a p53 revelou padrão difuso de positividade para a maioria dos casos (90,5 por cento vs. 20 por cento) e o Ki-67 demonstrou padrão difuso para todos os portadores de câncer (100 por cento vs. 30 por cento). Por sua vez, pacientes sem câncer revelaram padrão negativo ou apenas superficial para a p53 (80 por cento vs. 9,5 por cento) e para o Ki-67 (70 por cento vs. 0 por cento). Durante seguimento médio de 31,6 meses, cinco (12,2 por cento) pacientes apresentaram seis episódios de câncer recurrente. Neste grupo, os fragmentos de mucosectomia não demonstraram nenhuma diferença significativa na expressão imunoistoquímica da p53 e do Ki-67 nos pacientes desenvolvendo câncer após o tratamento endoscópico. CONCLUSÕES: A imunoistoquímica da p53 e do Ki-67 é útil na confirmação do câncer; contudo não demonstra nenhum valor na predição da recurrência tumoral após mucosectomia endoscópica circunferencial do esôfago de Barrett com adenocarcinoma.

Esófago de Barrett: estado actual del tratamiento quirúrgico / Barrett Esophagus: present status of the surgical management

El esófago de Barrett (EB) es una complicación de la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico, yse define como el esófago inferior recubierto de epitelio columnar con metaplasia intestinal producto del reflujo crónico... El objetivo de esta comunicación es desarrollar el estado actual del tratamiento quirúrgico en pacientes con EB respecto de: el control del reflujo, su efecto sobre la metaplasia intestinal y en la prevención del adenocarcinoma

Minimally Invasive Surgery for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease / 대한소화기학회지

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic disease deteriorating patient's quality of life. With the advent of proton pump inhibitors, treatment failures have decreased considerably. However, surgical therapy offers the potential for cure in more than 90% of patients with GERD. Specific indications for antireflux surgery are: incomplete response to medical therapy, frequent recurrences despite the medical treatment, laryngopharyngeal, and/or respiratory symptoms, and complications of GERD, such as esophageal stricture, erosive esophagitis, esophageal ulcer, and/or Barrett's esophagus. The introduction of laparoscopic surgery in early ninties had a profound impact on many surgical fields, including the treatment of GERD. In this review, laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is described and controversial topics, such as total vs. partial fundoplication, and the natural history of Barrett's esophagus after antireflux surgery are addressed.

Esôfago de Barrett pode regredir aoós cirurgia laparoscópica anti-refluxo efetiva / Barrett's esophagus can regress after effective anti reflux surgery

Este estudo objetiva analisar prospectivamente os resultados clínicos, endoscópicos e histopatológicos de pacientes portadores de Esôfago de Barrett (EB) que se submeteram à Cirurgia Laparoscópica Anti-Refluxo a Nissen (CLAR). De Janeiro de 2000 a Junho de 2006, 266 pacientes portadores de DRGE foram submetidos à CLAR pelo mesmo cirurgião. Desses, 64 (24.1)Por cento apresentaram EB. Não houve conversão para cirurgia aberta e todos os pacientes receberam alta em até 48h. O seguimento pós-operatório com endoscopia digestiva e biópsia foi realizado nos 64 pacientes. O seguimento médio foi de 30.8 meses. O controle sintomático foi bom em 61 pacientes, entretanto três pacientes desenvolveram recorrência dos sintomas e estão fazendo uso regular de medicações inibidoras da bomba de prótons, nestes o EB permaneceu inalterado. Regressão do EB ocorreu em 39 pacientes sendo que em 20 desses não foram mais detectados sinais histopatológicos ou endoscópicos do EB. Em um paciente, que ficou assintomático após a cirurgia, o grau de displasia aumentou sendo o mesmo submetido à mucosectomia endoscópica do EB. Nenhum paciente apresentou adenocarcinoma. Não houve óbito ou complicação significante decorrente da cirurgia. A gastrofundoplicatura à Nissen laparoscópica possui segurança e eficácia no controle sintomatológico de uma parcela significativa dos pacientes com EB. A regressão do EB ocorreu de forma aleatória em alto percentual nos pacientes operados a despeito do controle da DRGE atingido na maioria dos pacientes

Esófago de Barret sin displasia: mucosectomía endoscópica / Barrett's esophagus without displasia: endoscopic mucosectomy

En general, con estas técnicas mínimamente invasivas de resección endoscópica del epitelio de Barrett o del carcinoma intramucoso, se logra una remisión local en un 90 por ciento, con baja morbilidad, sin mortalidad, dejando un esófago in situ y funcional.